<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">agroprob</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы агрорынка</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of AgriMarket</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1817-728X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2708-9991</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахский научно-исследовательский институт экономики агропромышленного комплекса и развития села</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46666/2025-3.2708-9991.06</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">agroprob-2308</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Аграрная политика: механизм реализации</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Agricultural policy: mechanism of implementation</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Диверсификация аграрного сектора: исследования на основе индекса Херфиндаля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Agricultural sector diversification: research based on the Herfindal index</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8097-8007</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самбеталиева</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sambetaliyeva</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Самбеталиева Мадина Галиуллаевна - Ph.D докторанты,</p><p>040000 І. Жансүгіров көш. 187а, Талдықорған қ.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sambetaliyeva Madina Galiullayevna - Ph.D student,</p><p>040000 I. Zhansugurov str., 187a, Taldykorgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sambetaliyeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3817-1975</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нұрмұханқызы</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurmukhanqyzy</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нұрмұханқызы Дания - негізгі автор; Ph.D, қауымдастырылған профессор «Құқық пәндері» кафедрасының доценті,</p><p>040000 І. Жансүгіров көш., 187а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nurmukhanqyzy Daniya - the main author; Ph.D, Associate Professor; Associate Professor of the Department of Legal Disciplines,</p><p>040000 I. Zhansugurov str.,187a, Taldykorgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">daniyafmo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5510-2966</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Өмірəлі</surname><given-names>Ж. Ө.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Omirali</surname><given-names>Zh. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Өмірəлі Жəзира Өмірəліқызы - экономика ғылымдарының кандидаты; «Экономика» кафедрасының доценті,</p><p>050022 Құрманғазы көш., 107, Алматы қ.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omirali Zhazira Omiralikyzy - Candidate of Economic Sciences; Associate Professor of the Department of Economy,</p><p>050022 Kurmangazy str., 107, Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhaziraomirali@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">І. Жансүгіров атындағы Жетісу университеті<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">I. Zhansugurov Zhetysu University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Қонаев университеті<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kunaev University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Самбеталиева М.Г., Нұрмұханқызы Д., Өмірəлі Ж.Ө., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Самбеталиева М.Г., Нұрмұханқызы Д., Өмірəлі Ж.Ө.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sambetaliyeva M.G., Nurmukhanqyzy D., Omirali Z.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jpra-kazniiapk.kz/jour/article/view/2308">https://www.jpra-kazniiapk.kz/jour/article/view/2308</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время такие факторы, как высокая зависимость экономики от нефтяного сектора, неустойчивость мировых цен на сырье, недостаточный уровень технологического развития АПК, а также низкая степень диверсификации сельскохозяйственного производства оказывают негативное влияние на устойчивое экономическое обновление Казахстана.</p><p>Цель – проанализировать роль сельского хозяйства в процессе многоотраслевой трансформации экономической модели республики и определить ее вклад в снижение сырьевой направленности. Объектом научного исследования выбрана аграрная отрасль, имеющая значительный потенциал для обеспечения финансовой сбалансированности, роста региональных инициатив и укрепления продовольственной безопасности страны.</p><p>Методы – использованы линейная регрессия для оценки влияния удельного веса аграрной сферы на формирование эффективной ресурсной системы, а также индекс Херфиндаля с целью количественного измерения уровня рыночной концентрации экономических процессов. Анализ основан на официальных статистических данных, характеризующих динамику основных хозяйственно-экономических показателей за 2010-2022 годы.</p><p>Результаты полученных данных показали, что увеличение доли сельского сегмента в макроэкономике государства оказывает статистически значимое отрицательное воздействие на структуру рынка, способствуя её сокращению и более результативной производственной деятельности. Для усиления позиций агропромышленного комплекса необходима комплексная поддержка: действенные государственные механизмы, внедрение инновационных технологий, широкое распространение агротуризма и кооперативного движения, модернизация инфраструктуры, организация новых отраслей растениеводства и животноводства, включение в севообороты продуктивных видов, сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных культур, расширение масштабов перерабатывающей промышленности, системы материально-технического снабжения и сбыта продукции.</p><p>Полученные результаты позволили сделать следующие основные выводы – диверсификация производства является перспективным направлением повышения экономической активности сельхозпредприятий, обеспечивающей увеличение их выручки от реализации ассортимента продуктов, прибыли и рентабельности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, such factors as the high dependence of the economy on the oil sector, instability of world prices for raw materials, insufficient level of technological development of the agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan, as well as a low degree of diversification of agricultural production have a negative impact on the sustainable economic modernization of Kazakhstan.</p><p>The goal is to analyze the role of agriculture in the process of multidisciplinary transformation of the economic model of the republic and determine its contribution to reducing the direction of raw materials. The agricultural sector, which has significant potential for ensuring financial balance, the growth of regional initiatives and strengthening the country's food security, was chosen as the object of scientific research.</p><p>Methods - linear regression was used to assess the impact of the specific weight of the agricultural sector on the formation of an effective resource system, as well as the Herfindal index in order to quantify the level of market concentration of economic processes. The analysis is based on official statistical data characterizing the dynamics of the main economic and economic indicators for 2010-2022.</p><p>The results of the obtained data showed that an increase in the share of the rural segment in the macroeconomics of the state has a statistically significant negative impact on the market structure, contributing to its reduction and more productive production activities. To strengthen the position of the agro-industrial complex, comprehensive support is needed: effective state mechanisms, the introduction of innovative technologies, the popularization of agritourism and cooperative movement, the modernization of infrastructure, the organization of new branches of crop production and animal husbandry, the inclusion of productive types, varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops in crop rotation, the expansion of the scale of the processing industry, material and technical equipment and product sales systems.</p><p>The results obtained made it possible to draw the following key conclusions - diversification of production is a promising direction for increasing the economic activity of agricultural enterprises, which ensures an increase in product selection, profit and profit from sales.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>агропромышленное производство</kwd><kwd>диверсификация экономики</kwd><kwd>агротехнологии</kwd><kwd>кооперативы</kwd><kwd>экологическая устойчивость</kwd><kwd>сельский туризм</kwd><kwd>государственная поддержка</kwd><kwd>конкурентоспособность</kwd><kwd>продовольственная безопасность</kwd><kwd>региональное развитие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>agricultural production</kwd><kwd>economic diversification</kwd><kwd>Agrotechnology</kwd><kwd>cooperatives</kwd><kwd>environmental sustainability</kwd><kwd>rural tourism</kwd><kwd>state support</kwd><kwd>competitiveness</kwd><kwd>food security</kwd><kwd>Regional Development</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adeleke, A.O. Economic Diversification in Nigeria: Agriculture in Perspective / A.O. Adeleke // International Journal of Social Science Humanity &amp; Management Research. – 2024. – Vol. 3.- No. 10. – P. 1342–1351. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2024.v3i10n06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[1] Adeleke, A.O. (2024). Economic Diversification in Nigeria: Agriculture in Perspective. International Journal of Social Science Humanity &amp; Management Research, 3(10), 1342–1351. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2024.v3i10n06 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixit, P. Diversification of Economy – An Insight into Economic Development with Special Reference to Kurdistan’s Oil Economy and Agriculture Economy / P. Dixit, R. Rzgar // RJOAS. – 2019. – Vol. 1. -No. 85. – P. 395–404. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[2] Dixit, P. &amp; Rzgar, R. (2019). Diversification of Economy – An Insight into Economic Development with Special Reference to Kurdistan’s Oil Economy and Agriculture Economy. RJOAS, 1(85), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.48 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Godara, A. S. Integrating Livestock With Crops and Forestry for Sustainability / A.S. Godara, N.V. Saresh, A.L. Bijarnia, R.S. Godara, D. Kumar, D. Meena, M. Kumar // International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. – 2024. – Vol. 1. -No. 11. – P. 83–90. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i114530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[3] Godara, A. S., Saresh, N. V., Bijarnia, A. L., Godara, R. S., Kumar, D., Meena, D. &amp; Kumar, M. (2024). Integrating Livestock With Crops and Forestry for Sustainability. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 1(11), 83– 90. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i1145 30 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nowfal, S. H. The Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Enhancing Credit Access, Market Information, and Smart Farming among Rural Farmers / S. Hussein Nowfal, S. Nanduri, W. Gracy Theresa, B. Keerthi Samhitha, R. Vinoth, A. Veerapandi, R.K. Bommisetti // Research on World Agricultural Economy. – 2025. – P. 654- 672. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i1.1536</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[4] Nowfal, S. H., Nanduri, S., Theresa, W. G., Samhitha, B. K., Vinoth, R., Veerapandi, A. &amp; Bommisetti, R. K. (2025). The Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Enhancing Credit Access, Market Information, and Smart Farming among Rural Farmers. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 654–672. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i1.1536 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berdibekova, A. Development of rural tourism in Kazakhstan as a priority direction for diversification of agribusiness / A. Berdibekova, B. Ainakanova, L. Mutaliyeva // Economic Series of the Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.-2024.-Vol.1.-P.381-403. https://doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2024-1-381-403</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[5] Berdibekova, A., Ainakanova, B. &amp; Mutaliyeva, L. (2024). Development of Rural Tourism in Kazakhstan as a Priority Direction for Diversification of Agribusiness. Economic Series of the Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 1, 381–403. https://doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2024-1-381-403 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mусатаева, А.А. Приоритеты государственной политики финансирования диверсификации и технологического развития экономики Казахстана / А.А. Мусатаева, А.А. Таубаев, Л.А. Талимова, Р.Д. Берназарова // Финансы и учет. – 2022. – № 2(47). – С. 37. https://doi.org/10.52260/2304-7216.2022.2(47).38</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[6] Musataeva, A. A., Taubaev, A. A., Talimova, L. A. &amp; Bernazarova, R. D. (2022). Priorities of State Policy in Financing Diversification and Technological Development of Kazakhstan’s Economy. Finansy i Uchet [Finance and Accounting], 2(47), 37. https://doi.org/10.52260/2304-7216.2022.2(47).38 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сауранбай, С. Б. Аграрный сектор экономики Казахстана: проблемы и пути их решения / С.Б. Сауранбай, С.К. Байдыбекова, Д.Б. Абдыкулова, С.С. Арыстанбаева, К. Китапова // Вестник Карагандинского университета. Экономическая серия.–2024.-Т.1.-№1.–С.181– 192. https://doi.org/10.31489/2024ec1/181-192</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[7] Sauranbai, S.B., Baidybekova, S.K., Abdykulova, D.B., Arystanbayeva, S.S. &amp; Kitapova, K. (2024). Agricultural Sector of Kazakhstan’s Economy: Problems and Solutions. Vestnik Karagandinskogo Universiteta. Ekonomicheskaya Seriya [Bulletin of Karaganda University. Economic Series], 1(1), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.31489/2024ec1/181-192 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пшенцова, А.И. Диверсификация производства как фактор повышения экономической эффективности деятельности сельскохозяйственного предприятия / А.И. Пшенцова, Л. Н. Минеева // Экономические науки. – 2022. – № 12(217). – С. 214-222. https://doi.org/10.14451/1.217.335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[8] Pshentsova, A.I. &amp; Mineeva, L.N. (2022). Diversification of Production as a Factor in Increasing the Economic Efficiency of Agricultural Enterprises. Ekonomicheskie Nauki [Economic Sciences], 12(217), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.14451/1.217.335 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz Negrete, H. B. La concentración económica del sector agroindustrial en Ecuador entre 2006-2013: Un análisis empírico / H.B. Cruz Negrete, J.H. Baez Valencia // Estado &amp; comunes. – 2018. – Vol. 2.-N7.– P. 89-106. https://doi.org/10.37228/estado_comunes.v2.n7.2018.83</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[9] Cruz Negrete, H.B. &amp; Baez Valencia, J.H. (2018). La Concentración Económica del Sector Agroindustrial en Ecuador entre 2006-2013: Un Análisis Empírico. Estado &amp; Comunes, 2(7), 89– 106. https://doi.org/10.37228/estado_comunes.v2.n7.2018.83 [in Spanish].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKinnon, D. The Impact of Proprietary Varieties on the Economics and Competitiveness of Land Use in the Hop Industry / D. McKinnon, M. Pavlovich // Land. – 2023. – Vol. 12.-N 3. – Article 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[10] McKinnon, D. &amp; Pavlovich, M. (2023). The Impact of Proprietary Varieties on the Economics and Competitiveness of Land Use in the Hop Industry. Land, 12(3), Article 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030598 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei, Y. Product distribution strategy in response to the platform retailer's marketplace introduction / Y. Wei, Y. Dong // European Journal of Operational Research.– 2022.– Т. 303. – №. 2. – P. 986-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[11] Wei, Y. &amp; Dong, Y. (2022). Product Distribution Strategy in Response to the Platform Retailer's Marketplace Introduction. European Journal of Operational Research, 303(2), 986–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.021 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, H. Upgrading models, evolutionary mechanisms and vertical cases of service-oriented manufacturing in SVC leading enterprises: Product-development and service-innovation for industry 4.0 / H.Liu, H. Zhao // Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. – 2022. – Т. 9. – №. 1. – P. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01409-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[12] Liu, H. &amp; Zhao, H. (2022). Upgrading Models, Evolutionary Mechanisms and Vertical Cases of Service-Oriented Manufacturing in SVC Leading Enterprises: Product-Development and Service-Innovation for Industry 4.0. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 1– 24. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01409-9 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аубакирова, Г. М. Новые подходы к построению диверсифицированной экономики: опыт Казахстана / Г. М. Аубакирова, Ф. М. Исатаева // Проблемы прогнозирования. – 2021. – № 6. – С. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47711/0868-6351-189-168-177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[13] Aubakirova, G.M. &amp; Isatayeva, F.M. (2021). New Approaches to Building a Diversified Economy: Experience of Kazakhstan. Problemy Prognozirovaniya [Studies on Russian Economic Development], 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47711/0868-6351-189-168-177 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Найзабекова, А. Инвестиция как ключевой драйвер развития сельского хозяйства Казахстана / А. Найзабекова, Н. Кучукова // Вестник Казахского экономического университета. – 2022. – Т. 67.- № 4. – С. 35–41. https://doi.org/10.52445/bkeu.2022.67.4.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[14] Naizabekova, A. &amp; Kuchukova, N. (2022). Investment as a Key Driver for the Development of Agriculture in Kazakhstan. Vestnik Kazakhskogo Ekonomicheskogo Universiteta – Bulletin of Kazakh Economic University, 67(4), 35– 41. https://doi.org/10.52445/bkeu.2022.67.4.006 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Қазақстан Республикасы Стратегиялық жоспарлау және реформалар агенттігінің Ұлттық статистика бюросының ресми интернет-ресурсы [Электрондық ресурс]. – 2025. – URL: https://www.stat.gov.kz (қаралған күні: 10.06.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[15] Qazaqstan Respublikasy Strategiyalyq Josparlau Jáne Reformalar Agenttiginiń Ulttyq Statistika Byurosynyń Resmi Internet-Resursy [Official Internet Resource of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (2025). Retrieved June 10, 2025. https://www.stat.gov.kz [in Kazakh].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eurostat. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) by sector [Electronic resource]. – 2022. – Available at: https://www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ (date of access: 10.06.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[16] Eurostat (2022). Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) by Sector. Retrieved June 10, 2025, from https://www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Monetary Fund (IMF). Republic of Azerbaijan: Selected Issues. Country Report No. 20/172 [Electronic resource]. – 2020. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/07/13/Republic-of-Azerbaijan-Selected-Issues-49578 (date of access: 10.06. 2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[17] International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2020). Republic of Azerbaijan: Selected Issues. Country Report No. 20/172. Retrieved June 10, 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/07/13/Republic-of-Azerbaijan-Selec ted-Issues-49578 [in English].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
