agroprobПроблемы агрорынкаProblems of AgriMarket1817-728X2708-9991Казахский научно-исследовательский институт экономики агропромышленного комплекса и развития села10.46666/2024-4.2708-9991.22agroprob-2061Research ArticleЭКОНОМИКА ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSДеградация пастбищных угодий в Республике Казахстан: причины и последствияRangeland degradation in the Republic of Kazakhstan: causes and consequenceshttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-1214-721XМуталиповаК. К.MutalipovaК. К.

Куралай Калиханкызы Муталипова, докторант Ph.D, образовательная программа «Кадастр»

010011; пр. Женис 62; Астана

Kuralay Kalikhankyzy Mutalipova, Ph.D student, Educational program “Cadastre”

010011; Zhenis Ave., 62; Astana

k.mutalipova@mail.ruКазахский агротехнический исследовательский университет им. С. СейфуллинаКазахстанS. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research UniversityKazakhstan20242712202404245254Copyright © Муталипова К.К., 20242024Муталипова К.К.Mutalipova К.К.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.jpra-kazniiapk.kz/jour/article/view/2061

   Цель - поиск причин деградации пастбищ в Казахстане, определение стагнации пастбищных массивов на основе дистанционного зондирования земли и состояния пастбищных угодий с помощью индекса NDVI.

   Методы - аналитический и экономико-статистический применялись для исследования источников истощения пастбищных земель и факторов, влияющих на их состояние, сбора статистических данных, изучения тенденций их изменения, монографический и сравнительного анализа - позволили выявить локальные причинные связи и последствия дегенерации; сопоставлена информация из разных регионов, показаны наиболее уязвимые зоны.

   Результаты - осуществлен космический мониторинг, через платформу АО «Қазақстан Ғарыш Сапары» загружены снимки деградированных пастбищ Ерейметауского района. На сайте АИС ГЗК по почвенной карте определены типы почв, характерные для региона. Объектом является съемка пастбищных массивов сельского округа Уленты. С помощью европейского спутника Sentinel-2A https://dataspace.copernicus.eu загружались космические снимки по всем доступным спектральным каналам для сопоставления изображений с проективным покрытием, полученным по четырем датам, впоследствии отредактированных в ArcGis 10.4. В программе проведены радиометрические и атмосферные коррекционные работы по устранению помех.

   Выводы – из обработанных данных NDVI следует, что показатели NDVI пастбищных угодий ежегодно снижаются. Предложены пути решения проблем. Автор обосновывает необходимость развития пастбищной инфраструктуры (оросительных пунктов), укрепления кормовой базы и использования метода сменного выпаса, контроля принятых мер на государственном уровне. Пастбищное землепользование требует пересмотра институциональных основ управления пастбищами. Компетенции по этим вопросам необходимо передать от районных исполнительных органов местному самоуправлению.

   The aim is to search for the causes of pasture degradation in Kazakhstan, determination of stagnation of pasture massifs on the basis of remote sensing of land and the state of pasture lands using NDVI index.

   Methods - analytical and economic-statistical were used to study the sources of pasture land depletion and factors affecting their condition, to collect statistical data, to study trends in their change; monographic and comparative analysis - allowed to identify local causal links and consequences of degeneration; information from different regions was compared, the most vulnerable zones were shown.

   Results - space monitoring was carried out, images of degraded pastures of Ereymetau district were uploaded through the platform of JSC "Kazakhstan Ғarysh Sapary". Soil types typical for the region were determined on the site of AIS GZK on the soil map. The object is the survey of pasture massifs of Ulenty rural district. Using the European Sentinel-2A satellite  https://dataspace.copernicus.eu space images were downloaded on all available spectral channels to compare images with projective coverage obtained on four dates, subsequently edited in ArcGis 10.4. Radiometric and atmospheric correction works to eliminate interferences were carried out in the program.

   Conclusions - from the processed NDVI data, it is evident that NDVI values of rangelands are declining annually. Solutions to the problems are suggested. The author substantiates the necessity of pasture infrastructure development (irrigation points), strengthening of forage base and use of shifting grazing method, control of taken measures at the state level. Pasture land use requires revision of the institutional framework for pasture management. Competence on these issues should be transferred from the district executive bodies to the local self-government.

сельские территориипастбищадеградация пастбищных угодийэффективное использование земельных ресурсовдистанционное зондированиекрупный рогатый скотSentinel – 2 L2Aкосмическая съемкаrural areaspasturesrangeland degradationefficient use of land resourcesremote sensingcattleSentinel - 2 L2Aspace imageryReferencesIPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [Electronic resource]. - 2019. Available at: pcc.ch (date of access: 10. 09. 2024).IPCC (2019). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch (date of access: 10. 09. 2024) [in English]Montanarella, L. The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration / L. Montanarella, R. Scholes, A. Brainich // Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. - Bonn: IPBES, 2018. - 744 p.Montanarella, L., Scholes, R., Brainich, A. (2018). The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn: IPBES, 744 [in English].Gantulga, N. Impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors on soil erosion / N. Gantulga, T. Iimaa, M. Batmunkh, U. Surenjav, E. Tserennadmin, T. Turmunkh, B. Dorjsuren // Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 2023. - P. 3-18.Gantulga, N., Iimaa, T., Batmunkh, M., Surenjav, U., Tserennadmin, E., Turmunkh, T., Dorjsuren, B. (2023). Impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors on soil erosion. Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 3-18 [in English].Cao, J. Grassland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: reevaluation of causative factors / J. Cao, J.F. Adamowski, R.C. Deo, X. Xu, Y. Gong, Q. Feng // Rangeland ecology & management. - 2019. - 72(6). - P. 988-995.Cao, J., Adamowski, J.F., Deo, R.C., Xu, X., Gong, Y., Feng, Q. (2019). Grassland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: reevaluation of causative factors. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 72(6), 988-995 [in English].Kaldybaev, S, Interactive geoinformation map of degraded pastures of Kazakhstan with different degrees of degradation and measures for their management / S. Kaldybaev, K. Zholamanov, K. Yerzhanova, A. Beketova, Zh. Ertaeva, B. Rustemov// Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. - 2022. - 100(14). - P. 5336–5346.Kaldybaev, S., Zholamanov, K., Yerzhanova, K., Beketova, A., Ertaeva, Zh., Rustemov, B. (2022). Interactive geoinformation map of degraded pastures of Kazakhstan with different degrees of degradation and measures for their management. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 100(14), 5336–5346 [in English].Смагулова, Ш.А. Цифровизация земледелия в Республике Казахстан: опыт и проблемы / Ш.А. Смагулова // Проблемы агрорынка.- 2020. - N 1. - С. 149-155.Smagulova, Sh.A. (2020). Tsifrovizatsiya zemledeliya v Respublike Kazakhstan: opyt i problemy [Digitalization of agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan: experience and issues]. Problemy agrorynka – Problems of AgriMarket, 1, 149-155 [in Russian].Chabuz, W. Impact of the type of use of permanent grasslands areas in mountainous regions on the floristic diversity of habitats and animal welfare / W. Chabuz, M. Kulik, W. Sa-wicka-Zugaj, P. Żółkiewski, M. Warda, M. Pluta, A. Lipiec, A. Bochniak, J. Zdulski // Global Ecology and Conservation. - 2019. - N 19. - e00629. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00629Chabuz, W., Kulik, M., Sawicka-Zugaj, W., Żółkiewski, P., Warda, M., Pluta, M., Lipiec, A., Bochniak, A., Zdulski, J. (2019). Impact of the type of use of permanent grasslands areas in mountainous regions on the floristic diversity of habitats and animal welfare. Global Ecology and Conservation, 19, e00629. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00629 [in English].Bengtsson, J. Grasslands - more important for ecosystem services than you might think / J. Bengtsson, J.M. Bullock, B. Egoh, C. Everson, T. Everson, T. O’Connor, P.J. O’Farrell, H.G. Smith, R. Lindborg // Ecosphere. - 2019. - N 10(2). - e02582. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2582Bengtsson, J., Bullock, J.M., Egoh, B., Everson, C., Everson, T., O’Connor, T., O’Farrell, P.J., Smith, H.G., Lindborg, R. (2019). Grass-lands—more important for ecosystem services than you might think. Ecosphere, 10(2), e02582. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2582 [in English].Dondini, M., Martin, M., De Camillis, C., Uwizeye, A., Soussana, J.-F., Robinson, T., Steinfeld, H. Global assessment of soil carbon in grasslands – From current stock estimates to sequestration potential. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper [Electronic resource] - 2023. Available at: https://www.openknowledge.fao.org/items/29349846-3fec-4623-b5bc-0984a860ec43 (date of access: 10. 09. 2024).Dondini, M., Martin, M., De Camillis, C., Uwizeye, A., Soussana, J.F., Robinson, T., Steinfeld, H. (2023). Global assessment of soil carbon in grasslands – From current stock estimates to sequestration potential. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Available at: https://www.openknowledge.fao.org/items/29349846-3fec-4623-b5bc-0984a860ec43 (date of access: 10. 09. 2024) [in English].Knozowski, P. Effect of nature protection and management of grassland on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland) / P. Knozowski, J.J. Nowakowski, A.M. Stawicka, A. Górski, B. Dulisz // Science of The Total Environment. - 2023. - Vol. 898. - 165280. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165280Knozowski, P., Nowakowski, J.J., Stawicka, A.M., Górski, A., Dulisz, B. (2023). Effect of nature protection and management of grass-land on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland). Science of The Total Environment, 898, 165280. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165280 [in English].Evstatiev, B. Identification of Pasture Degradation Using Remote Sensing Data and Machine Learning: A Case Study of Obichnik / B. Evstatiev, B. I. Valova, T. Kaneva, N. Valov, A, Sevov, G. Stanchev, G. Komitov, T. Zhelyazkova, T.M. Gerdzhikova, M. Todorova // Applied Sciences. - 2024. - Vol. 14. - Issue 17. - 7599. doi: 10.3390/app14177599Evstatiev, B., Valova, B.I., Kaneva, T., Valov, N., Sevov, A., Stanchev, G., Komitov, G., Zhelyazkova, T., Gerdzhikova, T.M., Todorova, M. (2024). Identification of pasture degradation using remote sensing data and machine learning: A case study of Obichnik. Applied Sciences, 14(17), 7599. doi: 10.3390/ app14177599 [in English].Naegeli de Torres, F. A multisensoral approach for high-resolution land cover and pasture degradation mapping in the humid tropics: A case study of the fragmented landscape of Rio de Janeiro/ F. Naegeli de Torres, R. Richter, M. Vohland //International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. - 2019. - Vol. 78. - P. 189-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2019.01.011Naegeli de Torres, F., Richter, R., Vohland, M. (2019). A multisensoral approach for high-resolution land cover and pasture degradation mapping in the humid tropics: A case study of the fragmented landscape of Rio de Janeiro. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 78, 189–201. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2019.01.011 [in English].Punalekar, S. M. / S. M. Punalekar, A. Verhoef, T.L. Quaife, D. Humphries, L. Bermingham, C.K. Reynolds. Application of Sentinel-2A data for pasture biomass monitoring using a physically based radiative transfer model // In Remote Sensing of Environment 2018. - Vol. 218. - P. 207–220. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.028Punalekar, S.M., Verhoef, A., Quaife, T.L., Humphries, D., Bermingham, L., Reynolds, C.K. (2018). Application of Sentinel-2A data for pasture biomass monitoring using a physically based radiative transfer model. Remote Sensing of Environment, 218, 207–220. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.028 [in English].Сводный аналитический отчет о состоянии и использовании земель РК за 2023 г. – Астана: Министерство сельского хозяйства Республики Казахстан. Комитет по управлению земельными ресурсами, 2024. - 336 с.Svodnyy analiticheskiy otchet o sostoyanii i ispol'zovanii zemel' RK za 2023 g. [Consolidated analytical report on the state and use of lands of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023] (2024). Astana: Ministerstvo selskogo khozyaystva Respubliki Kazakhstan. Komitet po ugradovannym resursam - Astana: Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Committee on Fenced Resources, 336 [in Russian].Zhao Q. The Retrieval of Ground NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) Data Consistent with Remote-Sensing Observations / Q. Zhao, Y. Qu // Remote Sensing. – 2024. – Vol. 16. – №. 7. – P. 1212.Zhao, Q., Qu, Y. (2024). The retrieval of ground NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data consistent with remote-sensing observations. Remote Sensing, 16(7), 1212 [in English].Evers S.H. Effect of Autumn Pasture Management Strategies Applied to 2 Farm System Intensities on the Productivity of Spring-Calving, Pasture-Based Dairy Systems / S.H. Evers, L. Delaby, C. Fleming, K.M. Pierce, B.J. Horan // Journal of Dairy Science. – 2021. – Vol. 104. - Issue 6. - P. 6803–6819. doi: 10. 3168/jds.2020-19246Evers, S.H., Delaby, L., Fleming, C., Pierce, K.M., Horan, B.J. (2021). Effect of autumn pasture management strategies applied to 2 farm system intensities on the productivity of springcalving, pasture-based dairy systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(6), 6803–6819. doi: 10.3168/jds.2020-19246 [in English].

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.