The population's nutrition indicators - are the most important components of the countries' living standards, indicators reflecting the life quality of the population, the level of sustainable human development. The work identifies the differences and the role of nutrition in the life of various categories of the world's population, indicates the world nutrition problems for vulnerable segments of the population. Factors determining the conditions for the growth and development of diseases, in particular non-infectious diseases, have been considered. The role of healthy nutrition and problems caused by malnutrition have been explored. A comparative analysis of the actual diet of Kazakhstani people and rational average per capita rates, rates recommended by the UN World Health Organization, minimum rates of food consumption, has been conducted. The indicators of consumption of basic food products in the country have been analyzed, deviations in consumption of urban and rural residents have been revealed. The structure of caloric nutrition has been presented. The analysis of the consumption level and influence of tobacco and alcohol products on human health has been conducted. Based on international recommendations, measures to ensure a healthy diet have been proposed.