APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF BREEDING STOCK COWS

The objectives of this study are to analyze the economic efficiency of using the method of artificial insemination of cows with semen divided by sex, ultrasound for diagnosing inseminated breeding stock livestock and diseases of reproductive function using the example of model dairy farms, which makes it possible to determine the development potential of these farms, to conduct an economic assessment of production level. Based on development materials, calculation of the effectiveness of model farms for production of milk and its processing products is presented, the possibilities of using new technologies for the automation of technological processes are shown. In the future, in research work on organization of similar model farms, an emphasis should be placed on the consideration of indicators reflecting the specifics of their functioning, as well as production and financial results of activities based on a systematic integrated approach. Currently, a significant acceleration of genetic progress in selection and breeding work is facilitated by the use of sex-separated or sexed sperm. In trials conducted in the USA on 211 farms, the fertility of Holstein heifers with sex-sperm reached 47%, Jersey - 53%. In the offspring, 89% of heifers were obtained. In Finland, insemination of cows with sexed sperm with 2 million sperm in a dose provided 20% of calving, as a result of which 82% of heifers were born, while during insemination with ordinary cryopreserved sperm (15 million sperm) - 45 and 49%, respectively. The calculation proposed by the authors is based on identifying the percentage of live calves received from the number of cows and heifers of breeding age available on farms at the beginning of the analyzed year.

In recent years, the process of introducing new technologies in this industry has intensified, but it should be noted that when using innovative technologies for milk production, animals are placed in harsh conditions, stress loads and predisposition to Экономический механизм хозяйствования 

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Проблемы агрорынка, июль -сентябрь / 2020 г. 166 gynecological diseases have increased, and individual control over the state of reproduction function has become more complicated. The increase in livestock production directly depends on stabilization of the cattle population in dairy farms, technologically justified raising of replacement young animals and growth of animal productivity. The system of these measures requires not only complete feeding and proper maintenance of cows, but also the use of a clear science-based system for monitoring and regulating reproductive function. So, to date, a significant acceleration of genetic progress in selection and breeding work is facilitated by the use of artificial insemination of cows with semen separated by sex [2].
In this regard, the necessity of assessing economic efficiency of using artificial insemination of cows with semen separated by sex and ultrasound for diagnosing inseminated breeding stock is justified based on the data from specific model dairy farms.
Material and methods of research. In conducting these studies, various methods of economic research were used: economicstatistical, abstract-logical, monographic, computational and constructive, etc.
In order to conduct an economic assessment of the effective use of the method of artificial insemination of cows with semen separated by sex, pregnancy of the inseminated breeding stock was determined and diseases of reproductive function were diagnosed using ultrasound. The calculation was based on identifying the percentage of live calves received from the number of cows and heifers of breeding age available on farms at the beginning of the analyzed year.
The calculation of economic efficiency of early pregnancy detection made it possible to reduce costs, since every day of infertility brings losses to the farm, resulting from the lost milk, lost calf and cost of keeping a barren cow.
The obtained results were processed and analyzed using financial and economic methodology, since economic effect, or financial component of the study, plays a significant role here. In the process of studying model farm that uses technologies aimed to automate technological processes in dairy production, to conduct more detailed determination of the advantages of new technology and economic effect of its implementation.
Moreover, calculation of the efficiency of milk production using advanced technologies is based on assessment of potential benefits from its sale, as a share of total sale effect, which is determined for each technology individually.
Results and their discussion. The experience of the achievements of developed countries in selection and breeding works confirms the high efficiency of using artificial insemination of cows with semen separated by sex or sexually sperm, and its significant impact on the acceleration of genetic progress. Thus, in trials conducted in the USA on 211 farms, the fertility of Holstein heifers with sexed sperm reached 47%, Jersey heifers -53%, 89% of heifers were obtained in the offspring. In Finland, insemination of cows with sexed sperm with 2 mln sperm in a dose provided 20% of calving, as a result of which 82% of heifers were born, while when inseminated with conventional cryopreserved sperm (15 mln sperm) -45 and 49%, respectively. Sexed semen, depending on technology of its production, guarantees the yield of 90 to 75% of calves of the required sex [see . 2].
Determining pregnancy -is an important economic component of a model dairy farm. There are several methods for diagnosing cow pregnancy: rectal, hormonal and ultrasonic. In rectal method, the specialist can identify pregnancy from the second month. Rectal examinations are safe from two months onwards, due to a rather high error rate. Hormonal, laboratory method -allows to determine pregnancy on 19-23 days after insemination. This method works well and is safe for the cows' health, but it takes more time compared to ultrasound diagnostics -one need to take milk samples or blood tests, make analysis, when determining the level of the hormone, it is important to consider that this method requires the creation of appropriate laboratory conditions, purchase of immune enzyme analyzer and monthly financial costs for consumables [see 2].
Ultrasound -diagnostics using an ultrasound scanner allows to make more accurate diagnoses at an earlier stage of 35-42 days, of course one can determine pregnancy on 28-35 days after insemination, but there is a risk of embryonic mortality, in addition, scanners help to detect gynecological problems and diseases rather than traditional manual palpation starting from day 60, as it is done in many farms. With the help of ultrasound diagnostics, it is also possible to determine the residual corpus luteum, which prevents ovulation of follicles (release of the egg cell), follicular and luteal cysts, hippofunction and a number of other gynecological diseases [3].

Экономический механизм хозяйствования  
Проблемы агрорынка, июль -сентябрь / 2020 г. 167 In addition, using ultrasound, it is possible, without knowing the date of insemination, to determine the age of fetus, which will allow to launch the animal in a timely manner and properly prepare for calving, which will allow the cow to recover faster after calving, reach the peak of productivity and become pregnant earlier.
One of the advantages of ultrasound diagnostics of pregnancy is also the speed of work -an experienced specialist spends from 30 seconds to 1 minute per cow, while in rectal method it may take 3 -5 minutes or more. Previously, a doctor could fill with rectal palpation, and with the help of ultrasound scanner he can see, which means he can make more competent diagnosis and prescribe correct treatment. For example, endometritis at the initial stage of inflammation cannot be palpated by hand, so this method will allow prescribing appropriate treatment at an early stage of the disease, checking the result of particular hormonal scheme, determining pregnancy at 35 days, and significantly shortening the service period [see 3].
In the course of the study, in order to conduct an economic assessment of the effective use of the method of artificial insemination of cows with sex separated semen, pregnancy of the inseminated breed stock was determined and diseases of reproductive function were diagnosed using ultrasound. The calculation was based on identifying the percentage of live calves received from the number of cows and heifers of breeding age available on farms at the beginning of the analyzed year. Calculation of economic efficiency of early pregnancy detection made it possible to reduce cost of keeping livestock (barren cow); every day of infertility brings losses to the farm, which result from not received milk (NR) or not received calf.
NR milk is calculated (in monetary terms) according to following formula [4]:

Average milk yield kg/day x cost of milk kg / tg = NR milk, tg
The cost of a calf born by dairy cows (NR calf) is determined by the formula: 3.61 x cost of 1 c of milk tg = NR calf, tg., (2) where 3.61 -the amount of milk that can be received due to feed used for obtaining a calf from dairy cows; The cost of 1 c of milk tg-the price of 1 c of milk of basic fat content. So 1 day of infertility of a cow on dairy farm costs: NR calf, tg. / 280 = cost of 1 day of infertility, tg / day (3) The cost of keeping a barren cow mainly consists of the feed day cost. The feed day cost, in turn, consists of the cost of daily ration, as well as the cost of care and maintenance.
The loss per day from each barren cow is calculated using the following formula: Feeding day cost, tg / day + care and maintenance costs, tg / day + (4) cost of 1 day of infertility, tg / day = loss per day from each barren cow, tg / day The use of ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy allows to determine the result of insemination a month earlier and either reinseminate or cull the animal. The service period is reduced by at least 30 days, that is, we begin to receive milk from the cow in the next lactation 30 days earlier.
To ensure technological rhythm of herd reproduction, it is necessary to receive monthly 9-10% of calving from the livestock of the farm (complex), to carry out 14-16% of inseminations at 55-60% fertility. For such a rhythm of reproduction, not only complete feeding and proper maintenance of cows are required, but also the use of a clear scientifically grounded system of control and regulation of reproductive function [12].
Thus, economic assessment of the effective application of the method of artificial insemination of cows with sexed semen Экономический механизм хозяйствования   Проблемы агрорынка, июль -сентябрь / 2020 г.
During the research, average reproductive capacity of cows was determined in seven surveyed model dairy farms in different periods of the year. For this, such indicators as duration of service period, fertility of cows after the first insemination, the number of stillborn calves, the number of aborted cows, barrenness of cows, calf yield per 100 cows, average live weight of calves, milk yield per head and the number of somatic cells in milk have been studied Indicator (table 3). Ultrasound scanners are attractive for farms, first of all, due to the possibility of early detection of pregnancy, when economic component becomes priority. The traditional rectal method allows to determine pregnancy from day 60, and when using ultrasoundfrom day 35. If during rectal examination on day 60 after insemination the animal was not detected in heat and was not inseminated during 2.5 subsequent cycles (cycle = 21 days) and remained not pregnant, then the duration of pregnancy determination will be 52.5 days.
When using ultrasound, the pregnancy of cows is determined 35 days after insemi-nation, if the animal was not detected in heat and was not inseminated within 1.5 subsequent cycles and remained not pregnant, then duration of determining pregnancy will be 31.5 days [see . 12].
A comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of using ultrasound scanner with traditional rectal method is presented in Table  4. The cost per 1 head per cycle when using ultrasound scanner amounted to 51 345 tenge, costs when using traditional rectal method -85 575 tenge, the difference was 34 230 tenge per cycle, which confirms the greatest economic efficiency. The analysis of economic efficiency of using ultrasound for diagnosing inseminated breeding stock in model dairy farms showed that, if the possibility of fertilization of a cow was not missed, the loss from each barren cow was as follows: in IB "Karimov" -3,419tg, LLP "Kakpatas-Kordai" -3,355 tenge; APC "Plemzavod Almaty" -3 423 tenge, LLP "Tastobe Agrofud" -3 395 tenge, IB "Sadykov" -3
Thus, the cost of keeping barren cows for the entire reproductive cycle averaged 101.3 thousand tenge per head of cattle, the cost of keeping barren cows on average for seven surveyed farms amounted to 1162.7 thousand tenge (tables 5.6).  Table 6 -Calculation of the economic efficiency of early detection of pregnancy using ultrasound scanner in 7 model dairy farms